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Writing / Full Essay / English

When the Mall Became the Street

Public Life, Private Space and Caracas

Public Life, Private Space and Caracas

Introduction

I grew up in a city where the distinction between public and private space was never purely architectural. It was something experienced daily. In Caracas, the street could be public in theory, yet this did not always mean that it felt open, safe or equally accessible to everyone. At the same time, spaces that were unquestionably private, particularly shopping centres, became settings in which people met, walked, ate, waited, argued, celebrated and simply spent time together.

That contradiction has remained central to my understanding of architecture. When I began my thesis, The Mall, at the Universidad Central de Venezuela, my interest was not limited to the design of a commercial building. The deeper question was whether a privately owned development could participate in the construction of public life.

Following Rafael Moneo’s argument that architecture must respond to the murmur of the site, I came to understand the mall not as an imported commercial type, but as a response to a particular Caracas condition. The site was not defined only by topography, climate or zoning. It was also defined by insecurity, social inequality, the fragility of certain public spaces and the fact that privately managed environments had become, for many people, more comfortable and more reliably collective than the street itself (Moneo, 1992). This essay examines that condition through my experience of Caracas, Ana Lasala’s research on architecture and the street, and the question of how private development might contribute to public life.

A city learned through movement

Caracas is a city of valleys, hills, traffic, informal settlements, neighbourhoods, towers, plazas and shopping malls. It is also a city in which public space has always carried a particular tension. The street belongs to everyone in principle, but it is not experienced in the same way by all. Depending on the hour, the neighbourhood, the political moment or simply the perception of security, the same sidewalk may feel like a shared civic space or like a place to cross quickly.

Jane Jacobs argued that urban vitality depends largely on the continuous, informal life of streets: movement, casual encounters, local knowledge and the mutual observation she described as “eyes upon the street” (Jacobs, 1961). In Caracas, however, that street life was unevenly available. It existed, but it was conditioned by fear, time of day, location and social circumstance. The street was public in law, but not always public in experience.

That condition shaped my understanding of architecture before I had the theoretical language to explain it. As a child, and later as a student, I observed how people adapted to the city. They created their own routes, meeting points and thresholds between interior and exterior. A shopping mall was not only a place of consumption. It was air conditioned, controlled, illuminated and, in many cases, perceived as safer than the street outside. Families spent Sunday afternoons there; young people met there; older residents walked there.

William H. Whyte’s observations help explain why such environments became important. People are drawn to places where they can sit, eat, observe others and be observed; small external stimuli, including food, performances or simply the presence of other people, can bring strangers into shared attention, a process Whyte called triangulation (Whyte, 1980). The Caracas mall offered these conditions in a controlled and predictable form. In a city where the public realm was fragile, it quietly absorbed many functions traditionally associated with the plaza, the boulevard and the street.

The mall as an unexpected public room

When I began to study shopping centres seriously, I started to see them differently. I stopped understanding them only as commercial containers. A mall is private property, generally regulated through rules of access, security and behaviour. Nevertheless, it may also operate as one of the few consistently inhabited collective spaces in the city.

That paradox interested me more than the architecture of consumption itself. The question was not whether malls were simply good or bad for the city. They raise legitimate concerns: they can privatize social life, restrict access, weaken the street and replace spontaneous urban encounter with controlled consumption. Yet they also reveal something about the city around them. If people gather in malls, it is because those spaces offer conditions that the street no longer reliably provides: comfort, shade, safety, continuity, social visibility and the possibility of belonging to a larger collective.

My thesis was an attempt to work with that reality rather than merely criticize it. Could a mall be conceived not as an enclosed object, but as a fragment of the city? Could it open itself to its surroundings, connect different levels and streets, and allow public activity to occur without assuming that private development automatically becomes public space?

Jan Gehl argues that the life of a city is strongly determined by the quality of its edges, particularly the lower floors of buildings and the transition between interior and exterior (Gehl, 2011). A blank, defensive edge suppresses public life; a permeable, active edge can invite it. This became a central design question for me. Could the mall’s perimeter, entrances, passages and ground level be organized so that the building did not separate itself from the city, but extended the city inward?

I became interested in thresholds: entrances, passages, courtyards, stairways, terraces and covered streets. These are places where the boundary between inside and outside can become generous rather than defensive. A mall does not need to abandon its commercial logic in order to become more urban. It can, however, stop behaving as a fortress and begin to invite the street inward.

Ana Lasala and the street as project

At the Universidad Central de Venezuela, this question was not abstract. Ana Lasala’s research provided an important framework. Her work examines the relationship between architecture and the street, and the ways in which architectural strategies can contribute to more generous urban and public space in the contemporary city (Lasala & Lasala, n.d.a). What remained with me was her insistence that the street is not simply the residual space between buildings. It is something architecture can actively form, extend, activate and care for.

Her project for Centro Comercial La Alameda in Caracas expresses this position particularly clearly. Rather than treating the shopping centre as a sealed container, the project organizes a stepped public landscape of roofs, seating, small squares and gardens that connects continuously with the surrounding streets (Lasala & Lasala, n.d.b). The commercial programme remains, but the building also returns something to its urban context: a new public space with views over the city.

That idea was decisive for me. It suggested that private development does not necessarily have to choose between profitability and public generosity. It can use its own structure, including roofs, levels, voids, entrances and edges, to create conditions for collective life. The mall can become a fragment of street without ceasing to be a mall.

Lasala’s work also helped me understand that public space is not defined exclusively by ownership. A plaza may be public in name yet feel inaccessible. A privately owned passage may feel more open than a neglected square. What matters is not only who owns the ground, but who can enter, remain, move freely, rest, encounter others and feel recognized within the space.

Security, fear and the changing city

It would be incomplete to write about public space in Caracas without addressing security. Fear transformed the ways in which people used the city. It altered walking routes, schedules, gathering places and the design of buildings. Walls became higher; entrances became more controlled; public space became something to be monitored, filtered and protected.

Richard Sennett’s work helps frame this problem beyond safety alone. For Sennett, a democratic city depends on the capacity of people to encounter difference, and this requires urban forms that remain open, porous and unfinished rather than sealed, homogeneous and fully controlled (Sennett, 2018). In Caracas, the response to insecurity often produced the opposite condition: more walls, more filtering and more separation. The result was not necessarily greater collective life, but a more fragmented city.

Security, however, is not only a technical problem. It is also an urban and social problem. When fear pushes collective life indoors, the street loses part of its vitality. When private environments become the only comfortable places in which to gather, the city becomes divided between those who can access controlled spaces and those who remain outside them.

Nevertheless, I do not believe that the answer is simply to reject enclosed spaces. Caracas taught me that people need places where they can gather without constant vulnerability. The challenge is to design such places so that they do not become isolated islands. A mall, a residential complex or a mixed use building can either turn its back on the city or become a connective piece of it.

The difference lies in the way the building meets the ground. Does it offer a genuine entrance to the street, or only a controlled threshold? Does it create shade, seating, movement and visibility? Does it allow people to pass through even when they are not purchasing anything? Does it recognize the pedestrian, and not only the automobile? These questions became central to my work.

Plaza Francia and the possibility of assembly

Plaza Francia taught me another lesson: public space is not only designed; it is also claimed. The plaza has been used for demonstrations, political gatherings and collective presence, including during periods of intense social conflict (Cronica Uno, 2017). Its meaning has changed according to the people who have occupied it.

For this reason, I have always been cautious about the idea that public life can be produced through design alone. Architecture can make gathering possible. It can provide shade, steps, open ground, sightlines and connections. It cannot, however, guarantee civic life. People make public space public through use, memory, conflict and repetition.

The mall can learn from the plaza. It can offer comfort and protection, but it must also allow a degree of spontaneity. Not every corner needs to be programmed, and not every movement needs to be controlled. There must be room for waiting, conversation, observation and simply being present without consuming.

From Caracas to Toronto

When I moved to Canada, I carried these questions with me. Toronto differs from Caracas in almost every visible respect: climate, scale, infrastructure, regulation, civic order and the relationship between people and the street. Yet the underlying question remained familiar. How do buildings contribute to public life?

In Toronto, public space is often more protected, regulated and consciously planned. Private development, however, continues to play a decisive role in shaping everyday urban experience. Residential towers, podiums, lobbies, retail bases, courtyards and interior atria all affect how people move, meet and perceive themselves as part of the city.

Heather Dubbeldam’s work has been significant in this later stage of my thinking. Her practice is grounded in research, environmental and social sustainability, and the conviction that architecture can contribute positively to community life (Dubbeldam Architecture + Design, 2024). She has described well designed architecture as a catalyst for change and a positive influence on the neighbourhood (Azure Magazine, 2021). Her emphasis on people centred design, liveability, natural light and social connection resonates with the questions I first learned to ask in Caracas.

The vocabulary changes. In Caracas, I thought about security, informality, climate and the fragile boundary between public and private. In Toronto, I think about density, winter, accessibility, podium design, ground floor activation and the quality of the spaces between buildings. The essential issue, however, remains the same. Architecture is never only an object. It participates in a broader social contract.

Private development and public generosity

I do not believe that private development should be expected to solve every urban problem. Developers operate within obligations, budgets, risks and commercial realities. At the same time, I do not accept the assumption that private buildings must inevitably withdraw from public life.

A residential tower may have a lobby that reads as a defensive corridor, or it may have a lobby that connects the street to a courtyard, café, shared room or quiet garden. A retail base may present a row of closed fronts, or it may create shade, seating, transparency and a reason to slow down. An atrium may remain an empty circulation space, or it may become an interior street: warm in winter, visible from the sidewalk, open to different users and capable of supporting ordinary forms of collective life.

Gehl’s argument about active edges is particularly relevant to Toronto. In a winter city, the ground floor cannot rely only on outdoor cafés or extended sidewalk activity. It must create protected, visible and generous interior conditions that remain connected to the street (Gehl, 2011). The atrium, the covered passage and the heated lobby can therefore become urban instruments rather than merely private amenities.

This is where my experience in Caracas continues to inform my work in Toronto. I learned early that public life does not always occur where the plan says it should occur. It occurs where people find comfort, safety, interest and the possibility of being together. Sometimes that is a plaza. Sometimes it is a sidewalk. And sometimes, particularly in a city shaped by climate, security and private ownership, it is inside a building that has learned to behave like a street.

Toward the next question

Caracas taught me that the mall could become the street. Toronto is teaching me a related but different lesson. Sometimes the building must turn inward, but it does not necessarily have to turn its back on the city.

That is the question I wish to explore next. How can an inward facing building continue to contribute to the public city? How can courtyards, atria, lobbies and internal passages become genuine components of urban life rather than private residues? Caracas led me to ask whether a private building could create public life. Toronto leads me to ask how that idea can operate from the inside out.

References / Referencias

Azure Magazine. (2021). With a clever facade treatment, Heather Dubbeldam revitalizes her firm’s offices. https://www.azuremagazine.com/article/with-a-clever-facade-treatment-heather-dubbeldam-revitalizes-her-firms-offices/

Cronica Uno. (2017, August 14). Lo que quedó de la Plaza Francia de Altamira luego de las protestas. https://cronica.uno/lo-que-quedo-de-la-plaza-francia-de-altamira-luego-de-las-protestas/

Dubbeldam Architecture + Design. (2024). About: Research driven design. https://dubbeldam.ca/studio/about/

Gehl, J. (2011). Life between buildings: Using public space. Island Press.

Jacobs, J. (1961). The death and life of great American cities. Random House.

Lasala & Lasala. (n.d.a). Nosotros. https://www.lasalaylasala.net/nosotros

Lasala & Lasala. (n.d.b). Centro Comercial La Alameda, Caracas. https://www.lasalaylasala.net/centro-comercial-la-alameda/

Moneo, R. (1992). The murmur of the site. In Anywhere (Conference proceedings). Rizzoli.

Sennett, R. (2018). Building and dwelling: Ethics for the city. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Whyte, W. H. (1980). The social life of small urban spaces. Conservation Foundation.