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Writing / Full Essay / English

Two Cities

Caracas, Toronto and the Formation of an Architectural Point of View

Caracas, Toronto and the Formation of an Architectural Point of View

A way of seeing

I have spent much of my architectural life moving between two cities that do not make easy comparisons. Caracas and Toronto are different in climate, scale, politics, infrastructure, development culture and the way everyday life meets the street. I do not think one city explains the other. What interests me is that I learned to see one partly because I had already learned to see the other.

Caracas was where architecture first became more than buildings for me. Toronto is where that understanding was tested against another system: planning policy, density, transit, development economics, technical coordination and very large projects. The distance between the two cities did not erase what came before. It made certain questions more visible.

Looking back, I can see that my architectural point of view was not formed by choosing between Caracas and Toronto. It was formed in the movement between them.

Caracas: learning to look

I studied architecture at the Universidad Central de Venezuela, but my relationship with drawing and visual work started earlier. That matters to me because before I understood architecture through zoning, area schedules or technical coordination, I understood it through observation and representation: drawing, image, composition, scale and the act of looking carefully at things.

Architecture school added the city to that way of seeing. The questions became larger. A building was no longer only an object. It belonged to a street, a topography, a landscape, a social condition and a political reality. The city was not background. It was part of the project.

Caracas made the boundary between public and private difficult to ignore. Security could change the way a street was used. Landscape and topography could organize how the city was understood. Commercial interiors could carry forms of collective life. Formal public space and everyday public life did not always occupy the same place. Those contradictions eventually became central to The Mall, but they were already part of living in the city.

Several professors gave that intuition a more architectural language. In my fourth semester I studied with Elisa Silva, founder of Enlace Arquitectura. Her research and publications on Caracas, including CABA: Cartography of the Caracas Barrios and Pure Space, treat the barrios and their public spaces as part of the city, not as something outside it (Silva et al., 2015; Silva, 2020). That way of reading Caracas stayed with me. In my eighth semester I studied with Jorge Castillo and Gorka Dorronsoro, and in my ninth semester with Jimmy Alcock. Later, Ana Lasala was my thesis professor. Through the thesis I became more interested in the street, the threshold and the way a building meets public space. The lesson was not that architecture could solve the city. It was that the edge of a building is never only an edge.

Three of those professors have received the Premio Nacional de Arquitectura: Jimmy Alcock (1993), Jorge Castillo (1999) and Gorka Dorronsoro (2008). Studying with them meant learning Venezuelan architecture directly from people who had built it, not only from books. Alcock’s work is especially close to the questions in this essay: buildings tied to landscape and topography, art integrated into architecture, and projects such as the Paseo Las Mercedes shopping centre (1967) and Parque de Cristal (1977) that belong to the history of how Caracas built its collective interiors. Other architects, such as Francisco Domínguez, are part of that same frame of reference. Together they are part of the ground I come from.

Caracas also made me attentive to spaces that architecture often treats as residual: thresholds, setbacks, passages, gaps and spaces between formal programmes. Ignasi de Solà Morales later gave that condition a name, terrain vague, describing the city’s indeterminate spaces as places of absence but also of possibility (de Solà Morales, 1995). In Caracas, those spaces were not empty. They were used, contested and reinterpreted by everyday life.

The Mall as a beginning, not a conclusion

The Mall became important to me because it gathered many of those early questions into one project. I was interested in what it meant for a privately controlled commercial building to accommodate activities that normally belonged to streets, plazas and cultural life. I was also interested in how architecture could resist becoming completely inward facing.

At the time I understood the project mainly as a response to Caracas. Years later, I see it differently. It was the beginning of a longer question about architecture and collective life: what happens at the boundary between the private building and the public city?

I did not carry a fixed answer from Caracas to Canada. I carried the question.

Arriving in another architectural culture

Moving professionally into Canada required me to learn another architectural culture. Toronto is a city where buildings are negotiated through planning frameworks, zoning, transit infrastructure, public realm requirements, development pro formas, technical standards and long coordination processes. I had to become comfortable with a different kind of precision.

My Canadian work expanded across interior architecture, new construction, renovation, urban design, city planning, mixed use development and master planning. Over time the projects also became larger. A decision could affect not only a room or a façade, but a tower floorplate, a block, a street network, a park or a future phase of development.

That shift changed me. I still cared about the architectural object, but I became increasingly interested in what happened around it: how people arrive, where they walk, where loading happens, how sunlight reaches the ground, how a podium meets a sidewalk, how transit connects through a site, and how a plan can remain useful when future buildings are still unknown.

Toronto: learning to negotiate

Toronto taught me that city making is often a negotiation between things that are all legitimate but do not naturally fit together. Density is important. So is sunlight. Development needs viable floorplates. Streets need room for trees and pedestrians. Buildings need servicing. Transit infrastructure needs protection. Housing needs privacy. Retail needs visibility. Parks need continuity. These are not separate problems. They arrive in the same plan.

Working on projects such as East Harbour, Downsview, Sherway Gardens, Fairview Mall and Yonge and Bloor made this increasingly clear. My role has involved architectural design within larger collaborative teams, so I do not describe these projects as objects authored by one person. What matters to this essay is what participating in them taught me.

At East Harbour, I saw how infrastructure, loading, easements, future development and public realm have to be resolved together. At Downsview, I became interested in how a master plan can protect the relationships that matter while leaving room for future architecture to evolve. At Sherway and Fairview, the familiar figure of the mall began to reverse itself: an inward facing destination becomes part of a larger structure of housing, streets, parks, transit and publicly accessible open space. At Yonge and Bloor, the city is not only horizontal; street, concourse, PATH and subway create a public city in section.

Toronto already contains precedents for these conditions. Eberhard Zeidler’s Eaton Centre, opened in 1977, turned the shopping mall into an interior street that connects subway lines, retail, offices and the surrounding blocks. It remains privately managed, but it participates in the daily movement of the city. Santiago Calatrava’s Allen Lambert Galleria at Brookfield Place makes a related point in a different way: it connects Union Station to the Financial District through a covered public route that forms part of the PATH network. Both projects show that the public city in Toronto is not only horizontal. It is also sectional.

None of these conditions is unique to Toronto. What is distinctive for me is how working through them changed the scale of my attention.

Two kinds of complexity

Caracas and Toronto taught me different kinds of complexity.

In Caracas, complexity often felt immediate. Public life, security, informality, landscape, social difference and architecture overlapped visibly. You could read the contradictions of the city while moving through it.

In Toronto, complexity is often embedded in systems. It appears in planning policy, ownership, infrastructure, servicing, phasing, transit, approvals and the economics that determine what can actually be built. The city can look orderly while an enormous number of negotiations are happening underneath that order.

One city taught me to pay attention to what people actually do with space. The other taught me to pay attention to the systems that make that space possible.

The architect between systems

For a long time I thought becoming more experienced meant arriving at stronger answers. I now think part of it means becoming better at identifying the right conflict.

A project is rarely choosing between architecture and the city. It is choosing among competing versions of both. More setback can produce a better pedestrian zone or weaken the street edge. More density can support transit and activity or overwhelm the ground plane. Enclosure can provide comfort and protection or disconnect a building from public life. Flexibility can protect the future or become an excuse for a weak framework.

This is why I am increasingly interested in relationships rather than isolated solutions. The architectural decision becomes meaningful through what it allows somewhere else.

BIG’s VIA 57 West in New York makes one version of this negotiation visible. The project uses a landscaped court and a sloping building form to give open space to the ground while still achieving a dense residential programme. It does not resolve the conflict between public space and floor area. It makes the conflict architectural.

What I brought from Caracas

I do not think I became an architect in Canada by forgetting Caracas. If anything, distance made Caracas more present in the way I read projects.

Caracas left me suspicious of simple categories. Public and private are not always experienced as opposites. Formal public space is not automatically alive. Private space is not automatically anti urban. A building can protect and connect at the same time. A city can be fragmented and intensely social at once.

Those ideas became useful in Toronto because they made me look beyond labels. A POPS is not generous simply because it is publicly accessible. A lobby does not become urban because it is transparent. A master plan does not become a city because it contains streets. The real question is how these spaces work, connect and are occupied.

Research on privately owned public space reinforces that caution. Studies of New York’s POPS have shown that public access alone does not guarantee public life. Design, signage, management, surveillance and rules all affect whether people feel able to use a space (Németh, 2009; Schmidt, Németh and Botsford, 2011). A privately owned space may be open in law and still feel restricted in experience.

Paley Park in New York, designed by Zion and Breen in 1967, shows the other side of that condition. It is privately owned, but its waterfall, seating, trees and open frontage make it one of the most consistently used small public spaces in the city. Generosity is not a question of size. It is a question of whether a space invites people to remain.

Edward Larrabee Barnes’s atrium at 590 Madison Avenue offers a related lesson. Although it sits inside an office tower, it operates as a public room: a place to pause, meet and observe the city. It demonstrates that an interior can participate in public life when it offers visibility, seating and a legible connection to the street.

What Toronto added

Toronto added another discipline to that way of seeing. It taught me to measure the consequences of an idea.

A concept eventually becomes a dimension. A public realm ambition becomes a setback. A master plan becomes GFA, tower separation, loading access, phasing and infrastructure. A desire for permeability becomes a passage with an actual width and a programme on each side. Architectural intentions eventually have to survive technical reality.

I have come to value that translation. It is where an idea stops being a diagram and begins to become architecture.

Research as practice

I also became more deliberate about research. Outside immediate project work, I have built a personal reference library of residential projects that I study for planning, unit organization, massing and design ideas. That habit reflects something I carried from architecture school: I understand design partly by comparing, drawing, measuring and looking again.

For me, research is not separate from practice. Precedents are not images to copy. They are a way to ask whether another project has already confronted a similar problem, what worked, what did not, and what changes when the context is different.

Aldo van Eyck’s playgrounds in Amsterdam offer one such reference. Rather than treating leftover or overlooked spaces as residual, he used small sites between buildings to create places for children and collective life. His work supports the idea that the value of a space often lies not in its size, but in its capacity to become part of everyday life.

Not halfway between two cities

I do not see my position as halfway between Caracas and Toronto. That would suggest a compromise between two complete architectural identities. It feels more complicated than that.

Caracas formed certain instincts. Toronto tested them, contradicted some of them and gave others a different scale. Professional practice added constraints that school could not simulate. Research allowed me to connect experiences that at first seemed unrelated.

The result is not a style. I am less interested in style than in a way of looking at the city: from the building outward, and from the city back into the building.

Conclusion: two cities, one continuing question

The first three essays in this series moved from Caracas to the interior of the building and then outward again toward the block, the master plan and the public city. This essay is more personal because the connection between those scales is also the story of my own formation.

Caracas taught me that public life can appear in unexpected places. Toronto taught me how difficult it is to make those places survive the pressures of real development. One made me attentive to contradiction. The other made me attentive to negotiation.

I do not think one lesson replaced the other.

I increasingly understand that I learned to read Toronto partly because Caracas had already taught me what to look for. And I understand Caracas differently now because Toronto gave me another way to measure architecture against the city.

References / Referencias

de Solà Morales, I. (1995). Terrain vague. In C. Davidson (Ed.), Anyplace. MIT Press, 118 to 123.

Németh, J. (2009). The management of privately owned public space. Urban Studies, 46(11), 2463 to 2490.

Schmidt, S., Németh, J. and Botsford, E. (2011). The evolution of privately owned public spaces in New York City. Urban Design International, 16, 270 to 284.

Silva, E. et al. (2015). CABA: Cartografía de los barrios de Caracas 1966–2014. Caracas: Fundación Espacio.

Silva, E. (2020). Pure Space: Expanding the Public Sphere through Public Space Transformations in Latin American Spontaneous Settlements. Barcelona: Actar Publishers.