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Writing / Full Essay / English

From the Inside Out

Caracas, Toronto and the Inward Facing Building

Caracas, Toronto and the Inward Facing Building

Introduction

I used to think that an inward facing building represented a failure of urbanism. A building that turned away from the street seemed to reject the city. It suggested withdrawal, control and a preference for private comfort over collective life.

Caracas complicated that assumption. Shopping centres showed me that an interior could accommodate forms of collective life that the street, under certain conditions, could not reliably support. That did not make the mall public space. But it made the distinction between public and private architecture considerably less simple.

Toronto complicated the question again. Here, enclosure responds to a different set of circumstances. Winter changes how long people remain outside. Density concentrates increasingly complex programmes within individual developments. Towers meet streets through podiums, lobbies and retail bases. Large projects contain atria, concourses, passages and courtyards that may be privately owned but nevertheless participate in everyday movement through the city.

I therefore became less interested in asking whether a building turns inward, and more interested in what happens at the moment it turns back toward the city. The architectural problem lies in that transition.

What Caracas taught me

My first essay, When the Mall Became the Street, began with a question formed in Caracas: can a private building participate in public life? There, insecurity, climate and unequal access to comfortable public space made the shopping mall an unexpected collective environment. People gathered there not simply to consume, but to meet, walk, wait, observe and spend time together.

That experience taught me not to equate ownership with urban value. Private does not necessarily mean anti urban. Public does not automatically mean successful public space. Ownership is one condition. Architecture is another. Use is another.

Rafael Moneo’s idea of responding to the murmur of the site remained useful here. In Caracas, the site included more than topography or zoning. It included fear, heat, rain, social inequality and the fact that many people needed places of gathering that felt protected. The mall was not a neutral imported type. It was, in part, a response to that condition (Moneo, 1992).

But Caracas also taught me the limits of that response. An interior street is not the same thing as a public street. A privately owned atrium can be beautiful, accessible and generous, yet ownership, management, rules and opening hours still matter. The mall could support collective life but it could not fully replace the street.

Toronto changes the problem

Toronto should not be understood as Caracas with colder weather. The two cities differ in climate, scale, infrastructure, regulation, civic order and the relationship between people and the street. In Caracas, architecture often protects against sun, rain and insecurity. In Toronto, it protects against cold, wind, snow and seasonal extremes.

Yet both cities raise a similar architectural question: how much enclosure can collective urban life accept before it stops feeling connected to the city?

In Toronto, the forces producing enclosed space are different. Climate makes prolonged outdoor activity difficult for much of the year. Density brings large programmes into single developments. Transit, retail, offices, housing and public space increasingly meet within complex mixed use buildings. The result is an architecture of podiums, lobbies, concourses, atria and internal passages.

These spaces are not automatically public. But they are not automatically private in experience either. They can become part of the daily movement of the city. The question is whether they do.

My interest in these questions also developed through the Designing Cities course I completed through the University of Pennsylvania. The course examined how cities evolve, the ideas that shape them, tools for urban design, sustainability, informal cities and the design of new districts and neighbourhoods (Class Central, 2020). It reinforced something I had already begun to understand through practice: a building cannot be separated from the systems of movement, climate, ownership and public life that surround it.

Winter changes the threshold

In Toronto, the threshold between building and city becomes especially important. Winter changes the duration and quality of outdoor life. A sidewalk café may work in July, but it cannot carry public life through January.

This does not mean that architecture should simply enclose everything. It means that enclosure must be designed as a civic condition, not only as a private convenience. A heated lobby, a covered passage or an atrium can extend the season of public life. It can allow people to remain outdoors longer, move between destinations without full exposure, and encounter others in conditions of comfort.

Jan Gehl argues that the lower floors of buildings and the transition between interior and exterior have a decisive influence on urban life (Gehl, 2011). In a winter city, this argument becomes even more important. The ground floor cannot depend only on outdoor cafés or extended sidewalk activity. It must create protected, visible and generous interior conditions that remain connected to the street.

Toronto’s Mid Rise Building Design Guidelines reinforce this position. They call for a safe, comfortable, accessible, vibrant and attractive public realm and pedestrian environment, while also addressing sunlight, sky view and pedestrian level wind comfort (City of Toronto, 2025). In a winter city, shelter is not simply an amenity. It is part of the conditions that allow public life to continue.

The atrium, the covered passage and the heated lobby can therefore become urban instruments rather than merely private amenities. But only if they are designed with the city in mind.

Atrium: the interior urban room

The atrium is often treated as a lobby: a large circulation space beneath offices or residences. I prefer to see it as a potential interior urban room.

An atrium can bring light into a deep plan. It can connect levels, provide shelter and create a place where people pause. It can contain retail, seating, events, informal meeting and everyday movement. In the best cases, it becomes a room in which the city continues indoors.

Atrium on Bay in Toronto is a useful reference for this condition. The complex occupies much of the block bounded by Yonge, Dundas, Bay and Edward Streets, and includes office towers above a retail concourse. It was completed in 1981 and includes underground connections to Dundas subway station and the Eaton Centre across the street (Atrium on Bay, n.d.; Jablonsky, n.d.). Its fourteen storey skylit atrium gives the interior a civic scale that exceeds that of an ordinary lobby (Elevator Scene Studio, 2018).

The building is not public space in the legal sense. It is privately owned and commercially managed. Yet its concourse participates in the movement of people between transit, retail, offices and the surrounding streets. Its atrium is not simply an entrance hall. It is part of a larger network of protected pedestrian movement in downtown Toronto.

An atrium becomes urban not because it is large, but because it connects. It becomes generous when it allows people to understand where they are, see activity around them, rest without obligation and move through the building as part of a larger route.

Podium: where density meets the sidewalk

The podium is where density meets the sidewalk. In Toronto, towers rarely meet the ground directly. They rise above bases that contain retail, lobbies, residential amenity, parking entrances and sometimes public or semi public space.

Toronto’s Tall Building Design Guidelines describe the tall building as a composition of base, tower and top, and emphasize that the base should reinforce street proportion and pedestrian scale while containing active, grade related uses (City of Toronto, 2020). This framework supports the idea that the podium is not simply a structural base. It is the primary architectural device through which a tower meets the pedestrian city.

A good podium does not simply hold up a tower. It mediates between the scale of the street and the scale of vertical density. It can provide shelter, transparency, multiple entrances, seating and reasons to slow down. It can make a large development legible at the scale of the pedestrian.

Kevin Lynch’s elements of the city remain useful here. He described paths, edges, districts, nodes and landmarks as the physical elements through which people form an image of the city (Lynch, 1960). A podium can operate as an edge, but it can also create a path. A lobby can become a node. A courtyard can become a small district within the larger city.

Passage: movement through the building

A passage is different from a lobby. A lobby receives people and directs them upward or inward. A passage allows people to move through.

This distinction matters. A building that can only be entered and exited is a container. A building that can be crossed becomes part of the city’s network of movement. It can shorten a route, connect a transit station to a street, link one neighbourhood to another, or provide shelter between destinations.

In Toronto, this condition has particular importance. Winter makes direct outdoor routes less comfortable. A well designed interior passage can become part of the pedestrian infrastructure of the city. But it must be more than a corridor. It needs light, orientation, activity and a clear relationship to the street at both ends.

A passage becomes urban when a person can enter without necessarily having a destination inside the building. It becomes generous when it offers choice: to pass through, to pause, to sit, to meet someone, or simply to observe the city from a protected position.

Urban generosity

Through this work, I have begun to use the idea of urban generosity. It is not a technical planning term. It is a way of asking whether a building gives something back to the city.

A private development does not become public merely because it contains a plaza. Generosity must be tested through tangible conditions.

Porosity asks whether people can move through the building. Visibility asks whether they can understand what is happening inside. Shelter asks whether architecture makes staying comfortable. Choice asks whether people can occupy the space without following one prescribed route. Threshold asks whether the transition between inside and outside happens gradually or abruptly. Invitation asks whether the ground floor communicates openness. Non commercial occupation asks whether people can remain without necessarily purchasing something.

These conditions do not make private space public. They make private space more generous. That distinction is important.

An inward facing building can still fail the city if it is opaque, defensive, inaccessible or controlled to the point where people feel unwelcome. But it can also contribute to public life if its edges are active, its interiors are legible and its circulation connects meaningfully with the surrounding streets.

The limits of private public space

It would be a mistake to romanticize interior public space. A privately owned atrium can be accessible and still be managed. It can be beautiful and still exclude certain forms of use. It can support collective activity during business hours and become empty or controlled after them.

Ownership still matters. Management still matters. Rules still matter. Opening hours matter. Who is permitted to remain matters.

Richard Sennett’s argument remains relevant here. A democratic city requires encounters with difference, and this depends on urban forms that remain open, porous and unfinished rather than sealed and fully controlled (Sennett, 2018). A privately managed interior can offer comfort, but it can also produce a highly regulated form of public life.

The most successful inward facing buildings are those that do not pretend to be public streets. They recognize their condition as private, but they use that condition to offer something the street cannot always provide: warmth, shelter, continuity and protection. At the same time, they maintain a relationship with the city through visibility, access and connection.

From building to block

The question becomes larger when we move from the individual building to the block. A single atrium can be generous, but a series of disconnected private interiors can still fragment the city. A podium can activate one street frontage, but an entire block can still turn its back to the public realm.

At the scale of the block, the questions change. How do buildings relate to one another? Where do pedestrians move? Where are the entrances? Where does shade, shelter or open space occur? How does a development connect transit, retail, housing and the street?

Toronto’s Mid Rise Building Design Guidelines emphasize compatibility with existing and planned context, a comfortable pedestrian environment, predictable street proportion, access to sunlight and mitigation of wind impacts (City of Toronto, 2025). These concerns begin at the scale of the individual building, but they become most meaningful at the scale of the block and the street.

These are the questions that begin to move beyond interior architecture and toward master planning. They ask not only how a building meets the city, but how an entire development participates in the construction of the public city.

The city from the inside out

Caracas taught me that a private building could participate in public life. Toronto is teaching me that enclosure is not necessarily a failure of urbanism. Sometimes climate, security, programme, ownership or density require architecture to turn inward.

The real question is what happens after it does.

Does the building offer something at its perimeter? Can people see into it? Can they pass through it? Are there multiple entrances? Is there somewhere to stop? Does the ground floor contain activity? Does interior circulation connect meaningfully with the surrounding city? Does the building provide protection without becoming defensive?

These are the questions I now bring to my work in Toronto. They begin with the entrance, the lobby, the atrium and the podium. But they extend outward to the block, the street and the city.

The next question is no longer whether the interior can participate in urban life. It is how an entire private development participates in the construction of the public city.

References / Referencias

Atrium on Bay. (n.d.). About us. https://atriumtoronto.com/about-us/

City of Toronto. (2020). Tall buildings: Design guidelines. https://www.toronto.ca/city-government/planning-development/official-plan-guidelines/design-guidelines/tall-buildings/

City of Toronto. (2025). Mid rise building design guidelines. https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/8e11-city-planning-mid-rise-building-design-guidelines.pdf

Class Central. (2020). Designing Cities, University of Pennsylvania. https://www.classcentral.com/course/designingcities-1047

Elevator Scene Studio. (2018). Featured elevator: Atrium on Bay, Yonge and Dundas, Toronto.

Gehl, J. (2011). Life between buildings: Using public space. Island Press.

Jablonsky. (n.d.). Atrium on Bay. https://jablonsky.ca/projects/atrium-on-bay

Lynch, K. (1960). The image of the city. MIT Press.

Moneo, R. (1992). The murmur of the site. In Anywhere (Conference proceedings). Rizzoli.

Sennett, R. (2018). Building and dwelling: Ethics for the city. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.